| APTs | Advanced Persistent Threats — Technically sophisticated and covert cyberattacks on targeted entities or people that can remain undetected for a significant period of time and aimed usually at collecting confidential information or causing significant damage. |
| BEC | Business Email Compromise — A type of fraudulent attack in which an attacker impersonates a company employee, manager, or contractor in business correspondence in order to cause funds to be transferred, obtain data, or cause other actions detrimental to the company. |
| DDoS | Distributed Denial of Service — An attack in which multiple devices simultaneously flood a server, service, or network with requests in order to overload it and make it unavailable to users. |
| DLL hijacking | Dynamic Link Library (DLL) Hijacking — An attack technique in which an attacker replaces or places a malicious DLL library so that a legitimate program loads it instead of the regular one and executes malicious code. |
| DPI | Deep Packet Inspection — A network traffic analysis technology that makes it possible to examine not only packet headers but also their contents to identify threats, filter data, and control the transfer of information. |
| EDR | Endpoint Detection and Response — A class of information security solutions designed to monitor endpoints, identify suspicious activity, investigate incidents, and respond to them. |
| IoT | Internet of Things — A network of interconnected physical devices equipped with sensors, software, and communications tools to exchange data with each other, with cloud systems, and with other digital platforms. |
| LLM | Large Language Model (LLM) — An artificial intelligence model trained on large amounts of text data and capable of understanding and generating natural language and performing text‑related tasks. |
| MDR | Managed Detection and Response (MDR) — A service or class of services in which an external team of experts uses specialized technologies and analytics to identify threats, investigate incidents, and help customers respond to them. |
| OCR | Optical Character Recognition (OCR) — A technology for converting text from images, scans, or photographs into a machine‑readable format for further processing, storage, and retrieval. |
| OT | Operational Technology — The set of systems, hardware, and software that control physical processes in industry, energy, transport, and other critical infrastructure facilities. |
| PoSA | Point‑of‑Sale Activation ‑ thin cardboard cards for electronic product delivery. |
| SOC | Security Operations Center — A dedicated function or department that continuously monitors information security events, identifies threats, and coordinates incident response. |
| TIP | Threat Intelligence Platform — A platform for collecting, enriching, analyzing, and using cyberthreat data, including indicators of compromise, attacker information, and attacker tactics. |
| V2X | Vehicle‑to‑Everything — A technology for exchanging information in real time between a vehicle and other entities: cars, road infrastructure, pedestrians, networks, and cloud systems. |
| XDR | Extended Detection and Response — A class of information security solutions that combine data from multiple sources (endpoints, networks, servers, clouds, and other systems) to detect sophisticated attacks and provide a centralized response. |
| ICS | Industrial Control System — A set of software and hardware designed to automate, monitor, and control industrial processes in production and industrial infrastructure. |
| Wipers | Malicious software designed to destroy, damage, or permanently erase data and disrupt the operation of information systems. |
| Vendor | Vendor (supplier, manufacturer) — A company that develops, produces and/or supplies products, solutions or services under its own brand. |
| Viruses, worms, Trojans | Common types of malware: viruses embed themselves in files and spread when they are executed, worms spread on their own, and Trojans disguise themselves as legitimate software. |
| Cyberstalking | Systematic stalking, intimidation, or control of an individual using digital technology, including instant messaging, email, social media, spyware, and other online tools. |
| Clicker games | A genre of digital games based on repeated simple user actions or automatic accumulation of game resources; also known as idle games. |
| Endpoints, end devices | Physical devices connected to a corporate or other network and capable of exchanging data with other systems: computers, laptops, smartphones, servers, virtual machines, and embedded devices. |
| Mining | The process of using computing resources to confirm transactions on a blockchain network and receive rewards in the form of digital assets. |
| Generation Z | The generation of people born between the mid‑1990s and early 2010s who grew up in an environment when digital technology and the internet were widely used. |
| Reverse engineering | The process of analyzing software, code, a device, or a technology to understand its operating principles, internal structure, algorithms, and potential vulnerabilities. |
| Stealer | Malware designed to covertly collect and extract sensitive information, including passwords, cookies, banking information, and account credentials. |
| Hackathons | Competitions or intensive team events in which participants create prototypes of digital solutions, products, or services in a limited time period. |
| Exploit | Software code, a script, or a technique that takes advantage of a vulnerability in a system, application, or device to perform unauthorized actions. |